Kubernetes

Kubernetes

Kubernetes is one of the most popular container orchestration systems. It is used to manage the deployment and scaling of containerized applications. Initially founded and developed by Google, Kubernetes is open source and is presently developed and maintained by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF).

Kubernetes [...] is an open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. -- Kubernetes.io

When discussing Kubernetes applications, there are four key terms that are often used: (1) Container, (2) Pod, (3) Node, and (4) Cluster. These are as follows:

• A container is a standard unit of software that packages up code and dependencies so that the the application can be transferred from one environment to another (hello Docker!).
• A pod is the smallest deployable and creatable Kubernetes unit. A pod contains one or more (running) containers that can be managed with Kubernetes.
• A node represents a worker machine, which can be a virtual machine or a physical machine, depending on the cluster configuration. Nodes contain functionality to run the pods and to handle networking.
• A cluster is a set of nodes that is managed by Kubernetes.

These are shown in Figure 1, which highlights a single cluster with two nodes. One of the nodes has two pods, both of them with three containers.

For practicing Kubernetes, there are multiple options available, including Minikube, Kind, k3d and k3s, and MicroK8s. Out of these, we'll be using Minikube, which runs a single-node Kubernetes cluster that allows learning the principles of Kubernetes.

Reading task

Kubernetes has taken plenty of effort to develop, and it has been preceded by a other systems. The evolution leading to Kubernetes is explored in this reading task. Here, your task is to read the article Borg, Omega, and Kubernetes and create two questions based on it. The article is available also at https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/44843.pdf.

For writing the question, refer also to the notes on good questions.

Write the questions using the widget shown below.

Once you have created the two questions, answer six or more peer-authored questions below. After each question, you are given a possibility to rate the question -- please, rate each question that you answer.